Which term is used to describe the process of specifying observations and measurements in research?

The correct term for specifying observations and measurements in research is operationalization. Operationalization is the process by which researchers define how they will measure abstract concepts or variables in their studies. This involves translating theoretical constructs into specific, observable, and measurable indicators. By operationalizing a variable, researchers create clear guidelines on how to assess that variable, which is essential for conducting empirical research.

In contrast, conceptualization is the process of formulating and clarifying concepts and theories. While it is an important step in the research process, it does not involve the specificity of measurements and observations that operationalization entails. Data analysis refers to the methods used to examine and interpret the data once it has been collected, while methodology definition pertains to outlining the overall approach and processes of research design but not specifically about measurement. Hence, operationalization is the key term that directly addresses the need for specifying observations and measurements in research contexts.