Which of the following is not typically considered a qualitative research method?

Surveys with closed-ended questions are not typically considered a qualitative research method because they primarily yield quantitative data. This type of survey involves specific, structured responses that can be easily measured and analyzed statistically, such as yes/no answers or ratings on a scale. The purpose of closed-ended questions is to gather data that can provide clear, quantifiable metrics about a particular subject.

In contrast, qualitative research methods like focus groups, interviews, and content analysis are designed to explore complex phenomena, capturing nuanced opinions, experiences, and interpretations. Focus groups leverage group dynamics to understand different perspectives, while interviews facilitate in-depth conversations that reveal personal insights. Content analysis involves examining communication content to identify patterns and themes, making use of qualitative insights rather than statistical data alone. Therefore, the nature of closed-ended surveys distinctly classifies them outside the realm of qualitative methods.