Which of the following is NOT considered an ethical principle in research?

The reasoning behind identifying "Complete Open Disclosure" as not being a recognized ethical principle in research stems from the fact that ethical guidelines prioritize the protection of participants alongside the integrity of the research process.

In research ethics, voluntary participation ensures that individuals choose to take part in a study without coercion. This principle emphasizes respect for the autonomy of participants, allowing them to withdraw at any time.

The principle of "Do No Harm" requires researchers to minimize risks and avoid actions that could cause physical or psychological harm to participants. This aligns with the broader ethical mandate to prioritize the well-being of those involved in research.

Informed consent involves providing potential participants with adequate information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, ensuring they can make an educated decision about their involvement. This principle is crucial to ethical research as it respects the informed autonomy of participants.

"Complete Open Disclosure" is less of a formal ethical principle recognized across all research domains. While transparency is important, complete openness about every aspect of a study may not be feasible or ethical in certain contexts; for instance, revealing the hypotheses or full details of the research design might inadvertently influence participant behavior or responses.

Thus, while transparency and disclosure of information are important, they do not fall under the