Which of the following describes “operational definitions” in research?

Operational definitions refer to specific methods or procedures that researchers use to measure abstract concepts or constructs in their research. These definitions clearly outline how variables are to be quantified or assessed, allowing researchers to gather data in a consistent and replicable way. By providing concrete criteria for measurement, operational definitions enable researchers to translate theoretical constructs—such as "intelligence," "satisfaction," or "communication effectiveness"—into measurable terms.

For instance, if a researcher is studying "stress," the operational definition might specify how stress levels will be measured, such as through a standardized questionnaire or physiological measures like heart rate. This clarity is essential for ensuring that studies are reliable and that results can be compared across different research contexts.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of operational definitions. Descriptions based on theoretical constructs focus more on the conceptual framework rather than how to measure them. Definitions grounded in quantitative analysis imply a focus specifically on statistical methods, which is too narrow for the broader concept of operationalization. General hypotheses about phenomena do not specify measurement methods, making them distinct from operational definitions.