What type of data collection does quantitative research typically involve?

Quantitative research is characterized by its emphasis on numerical data and statistical analysis. This approach involves collecting data that can be quantified and manipulated mathematically, allowing researchers to establish patterns, test theories, and make predictions. The correct answer highlights that quantitative research typically involves numerical representation of data, which is fundamental for conducting various types of statistical analyses.

By using numerical data, researchers can apply various statistical methods to derive insights, compare groups, and evaluate relationships between variables. This focus on quantification distinguishes quantitative methods from qualitative approaches, which are more exploratory and descriptive in nature, often relying on open-ended questions, interviews, or observational data that do not lend themselves to numerical analysis.

In contrast, the other options focus on methods or forms of data collection that do not align with the core characteristics of quantitative research. Options involving open-ended questions or case studies suggest a qualitative approach, which seeks to understand experiences and meanings rather than quantifying data. The emphasis on nonnumeric examination also points away from the quantitative tradition that relies heavily on numbers to draw conclusions.